Susceptibility of chloride ion concentration,temperature, and surface roughness on pitting corrosion of CoCrFeNi medium-entropy alloy

The influence and susceptibility of chloride ion concentration, temperature, and surface roughness on corrosion behavior of single-phase CoCrFeNi medium-entropy alloy (MEA) was examined in NaCl solution. Potentiodynamic polarization results revealed that the corrosion performance of the sample deteriorated with an increase of the chloride ion concentration, temperature, and surface roughness. The pitting potential decreased drastically for samples with higher surface roughness. According to electrochemical impedance spectroscopy, the charge transfer resistance decreased when chloride ion concentration, temperature, and surface roughness increased. Scanning electron micrographs also indicated an increased extent of corrosion damage, especially for the sample with higher surface roughness. It is found that the corrosion resistance is closely related to the wettability of samples, and the surface with the highest roughness shows higher hydrophilicity. The combined results suggested that the pitting damage is more sensitive to surface roughness. Our findings provide a further understanding of the corrosion mechanism of MEAs and guide their applications as structural materials.     

Breaking the purity-stability dilemma in pure Cu with grain boundary relaxation

High purity metals are increasingly demanded in modern manufacturing industries, but their processing and applications are limited by a dilemma that purer metals are thermally and mechanically less stable. The reduced stability of pure metals originates from the weakened drag effect of impurity atoms on the mobility of grain boundaries (GBs) that are hard to stabilize without alloying. Following recent studies on stabilizing nanograined metals by tailoring structures of GBs, here we report that structural relaxation of GBs breaks the purity-stability dilemma in pure Cu. Contrary to the conventional impurity effect, thermal stability and hardness of nanograined Cu samples with relaxed GBs increase (rather than decrease) with higher purities. The discovered anomalous impurity effect, owing to suppression of GB relaxation process with impurity atoms, offers an alternative vector to stabilizing purer metals for advanced processing and applications.     

X射线荧光光谱在铜矿石分析中的应用文献评介

作者收集了我国用X射线荧光光谱(XRF)分析技术进行铜矿石(含铜精矿)分析的文献共计51篇,其中野外现场分析文献21篇,实验室内分析文献30篇。实验室内方法文献包括熔融制样法12篇,粉末压片制样的15篇,其他方法3篇。文章用列表方式对文献要点进行了介绍,对其中的多元素分析方法文献进行了重点评介,也特别讨论了X射线荧光光谱分析的技术条件、制样方法选取、标准物质与标准方法等问题。文献表明:XRF已成为铜矿石主次痕量分析最强有力的技术方法之一,并随着社会对环境需求的增长,直接粉末压片制样的XRF方法必将具有更广阔的发展前景。全篇引文89篇。     

Computational Investigation of Effects of Grain Size on Ballistic Performance of Copper

Numerical simulations were conducted to compare ballistic performance and penetration mechanism of copper (Cu) with four representative grain sizes. Ballistic limit velocities for coarse-grained (CG) copper (grain size ≈ 90 µm), regular copper (grain size ≈ 30 µm), fine-grained (FG) copper (grain size ≈ 890 nm), and ultrafine-grained (UG) copper (grain size ≈ 200 nm) were determined for the first time through the simulations. It was found that the copper with reduced grain size would offer higher strength and better ductility, and therefore renders improved ballistic performance than the CG and regular copper. High speed impact and penetration behavior of the FG and UG copper was also compared with the CG coppers strengthened by nanotwinned (NT) regions. The comparison results showed the impact and penetration resistance of UG copper is comparable to the CG copper strengthened by NT regions with the minimum twin spacing. Therefore, besides the NT-strengthened copper, the single phase copper with nanoscale grain size could also be a strong candidate material for better ballistic protection. A computational modeling and simulation framework was proposed for this study, in which Johnson–Cook (JC) constitutive model is used to predict the plastic deformation of Cu; the JC damage model is to capture the penetration and fragmentation behavior of Cu; Bao–Wierzbicki (B-W) failure criterion defines the material's failure mechanisms; and temperature increase during this adiabatic penetration process is given by the Taylor–Quinney method.     

碳纳米管表面基团对Bi基催化剂在乙炔氢氯化反应中催化性能的影响

以多壁碳纳米管(MWCNTs)、羟基碳纳米管(MWCNTs-OH)、羧基碳纳米管(MWCNTsCOOH)为催化剂载体,采用等体积浸渍法制备负载型Bi基催化剂,在固定床反应器中评价催化剂在乙炔氢氯化反应中的性能。结果表明,以MWCNTs-OH为载体的Bi基催化剂催化性能最优,乙炔转化率最高52%。BET、FT-IR、XRD、XPS、EDS、TG、TEM和H_2-TPR表征表明,碳纳米管表面基团,尤其是羟基,可以提高活性组分的分散度、抑制催化剂表面积炭生成和减少Bi物种流失。     

Determination of chlorine ions in raw milk by pulsed amperometric detection in a flow injection system

Chloride ion concentration in milk was determined by pulsed amperometric detection in a flow injection system. Results showed that the Au electrode lost 3 electrons at 1.10 V and formed chloroaurate ions (AuCl₄^?) by combining with chloride ions, after which AuCl₄^? was partly reduced to Au at 0.6 V. Based on the electrochemical process, a triple waveform with detection potential of 1.15 V, detection time of 150 ms, oxidation potential of 1.4 V, oxidation time of 550 ms, reduction potential of 0 V, and reduction time of 400 ms was applied to the Au electrode for detecting chloride ion concentration in milk. The approach is rapid and automatic and features a detection limit of 0.005 g/L. The relative standard deviation obtained by 60 repetitive injections reached 1.48% at 2 g/L of NaCl. The method developed using the Au electrode without modification was used to analyze the chloride ion concentration in raw milk without preprocessing. The method showed good agreement with potentiometric titration.     

Porous ceramics with tailored pore size and morphology as substrates for coral larval settlement

The growing demand for stony corals as ornamental aquarium animals requires defined aquacultural breeding strategies. For the sexual propagation of corals, material substrates are needed, that attract larvae and support their settlement and development. In this study, five types of highly porous ceramic materials were developed following the example of coral skeleton. The applicability of these settlement substrates was tested using larvae of the stony coral Pocillopora damicornis. Partial sintering of pressed clay pellets, freeze casting of clay and alumina-mullite based slurries and direct foaming of high alkane phase emulsified suspensions (HAPES) using alumina were employed. By the addition of mm-sized spherical polystyrene beads as sacrificial templates during freeze casting (alumina-mullite), superficial pores in the size of the larvae were created. The inorganic substrates featured open porosities between 35% (pressed clay) and 83% (foamed alumina), pore sizes ranging from nm to mm-scale and pore morphologies dominated by interparticle porosity (pressed), lamellar pores (freeze casting) and cellular pore types (direct foaming). The ceramic substrates were incubated in artificial sea water for 3 months to induce necessary biofilm formation and algae growth. Afterwards, individual substrates were exposed to 5 coral larvae, and their settlement behavior was monitored over 14 days. At the end of this period, all ceramic materials were successfully accepted as settlement substrates, with a mean settlement rate of 46.2%, and no significant differences between the substrate types. On samples with large surface superficial pores, a significantly reduced survival of settled larvae (79%) compared to the other porous materials (93–98%) was determined, suggesting a non-ideal surface topography. While alumina foam samples (HAPES) exhibit the most promising results in terms of settlement and survival of larvae, clay-based substrates provide a more economic solution for the sexual propagation of corals in aquaculture.     

Thermodynamic and Surface Properties of Aqueous 1-Dodecyl-3-Methylimidazolium Chloride [C12mim][Cl] Solution in the Presence of a Series of Inorganic Salts

The micellization behavior of amphiphiles is a well-analyzed physicochemical phenomenon, which can be easily influenced by various parameters such as pressure, temperature, and the presence of different additives. Inorganic salts are able to affect the thermodynamic and surface properties of amphiphiles significantly. The effect of a series of salts as additives namely lithium chloride (LiCl), potassium chloride (KCl), sodium chloride (NaCl), sodium bromide (NaBr), and sodium iodide (NaI) on interfacial chemical characteristics of the surface-active ionic liquid (SAIL) 1-dodecyl-3-methylimidazolium chloride [C₁₂mim][Cl] in aqueous solution were examined through conductance, surface tension, fluorescence, ¹H NMR, and dynamic light scattering measurements. The interfacial and thermodynamic parameters of all investigated SAIL-salt systems were evaluated from surface tension and conductance measurements, respectively. A detailed analysis of the microenvironment of the micelles and the size of the micelles was done using ¹H NMR and dynamic light scattering measurements.     

铂钯精矿中氯化银的浸出预处理研究

铜阳极泥分铜液所得铂钯精矿中的银主要以氯化银(AgCl)形态存在，可用氨水或亚硫酸钠作为浸出剂去除银。绘制了Ag⁺与NH3、SO2- 3配体组分图，结合电位-pH图分析表明，氨浸的pH值范围为7.7~13.5，亚硫酸钠浸出宜在中性或碱性条件下进行。优化条件实验结果表明，银的氨浸浸出率为95.3%，碲浸出率为14.9%，有微量铂、钯浸出；以亚硫酸钠为浸出剂，银的浸出率为97.3%，碲浸出率为11.5%，金、铂和钯均不被浸出。亚硫酸钠更适于作为铂钯精矿预处理除银的浸出剂。